Generative Art Timeline · Chapter 4: Digital Era (1960s)
1966
Poemfields by Stan VanDerBeek

Having studied with the poet M.C. Richards and composer John Cage at Black Mountain College, artist Stan VanDerBeek begins developing Poemfields, a series of eight computer-generated films that introduce his “image-based poetry language.” In collaboration with computer scientist Ken Knowlton at Bell Labs, VanDerBeek uses Knowlton’s BEFLIX and an IBM 7094 from 1966-1971.
-Sasha Stiles
Casey Reas also mentions Poemfields to Le Random as an important early generative film that played a role dematerializing art.
Listen to Peter Bauman’s interview with A. Michael Noll (transcript) where he discusses Knowlton, BEFLIX and the early days at Bell Labs.
*Image credit: The Stan VanDerBeek Archive. Courtesy of the artist
Text by Peter Bauman. Generative Art Timeline, Le Random, fact-checked September 2026.
Sources
People
Casey Reas, John Cage, Ken Knowlton, M.C. Richards, Sasha Stiles, Stan VanDerBeek
Movements
Computer Text, Generative Poetry
Filed under
- Ideas
- collaboration, Computer Film, Computer Text, dematerialization, Generative Poetry, poetry
- Technologies
- BEFLIX, IBM 7094
- People
- Casey Reas, John Cage, Ken Knowlton, M.C. Richards, Sasha Stiles, Stan VanDerBeek
- Works
- Poem Field
- Organisations
- Bell Labs, Black Mountain College
Related moments
Echoes across time
- 2015 · Oscar Schwartz gives a TEDx Talk on Computational Poetics
- 2000 · Ray Kurzweil’s Cybernetic Poet
- 2002 · Christian Bök Publishes The Piecemeal Bard is Deconstructed
Le Random editorials
- Casey Reas on the History of Generative Art - Part 1, Peter Bauman, June 22, 2023
- Sasha Stiles and Martha Joseph on Language as Technology, Peter Bauman, September 10, 2025
- Sasha Stiles on Writing Poets, Peter Bauman, January 25, 2024
- Casey Reas, Lauren Lee McCarthy & Chandler McWilliams on Expanding Software, Peter Bauman, August 20, 2024
Le Random podcast
- Timeline Ch 4—Digital Era Pt I (1960s) with Dr A Michael Noll — listen with transcript on Le Random (07 Sep 2023, 60 min). Linked in this moment’s text. Chapter 4’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Elevating the Generative Art Space (Launch Episode) with Casey Reas, ciphrd, Anne Spalter, Anika Meier & Georg Bak — listen with transcript on Le Random (28 Jun 2023, 52 min). Featuring Casey Reas. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 8—Tooling Era (2000s) with Christiane Paul, Casey Reas, Christa Sommerer & Golan Levin — listen with transcript on Le Random (15 May 2024, 64 min). Featuring Casey Reas. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 4—Digital Era Pt II (1960s) with Michael Spalter — listen with transcript on Le Random (21 Sep 2023, 77 min). Chapter 4’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify