Generative Art Timeline · Chapter 7: Net Era (1990s)
1991
Primordial Dance by Karl Sims

Karl Sims unveiled this important work in the development of artificial life-based art, Primordial Dance, an experimental one-minute and 35-second code-based animation exploring abstract textures and colors. Sims worked with the computer to generate images and movements that exceeded their individual capabilities through an interactive process known as “artificial evolution.” Sims explains how his “artificial evolution” is essentially a slightly more manual GAN process. There is a clear connection between the AI of today and Sims’s work, as he explains his process himself: “The computer generates and displays a collection of experimental abstract images. The artist chooses the most aesthetically interesting images, and those survive and are “bred” to produce a new collection of images. The equations, or artificial genes, of the survivors are copied, mutated, and mated by the computer to generate new offspring pictures.” Thus, this evolutionary work of Sims can be considered proto-GAN art. Artists in the upcoming decades would continue to automate the process until now these tasks are done “under the hood” and instantly. But this is a hugely important step in the development of AI-art-as-we-know-it-today.
Text by Peter Bauman. Generative Art Timeline, Le Random, fact-checked September 2026.
Sources
People
Movements
artificial life, computer animation
Filed under
- Ideas
- ai art, artificial evolution, artificial life, Evolutionary Art
- Technologies
- artificial intelligence, computer animation, GANs, genetic algorithms, interactive evolution
- People
- Karl Sims
- Works
- Primordial Dance
Related moments
- 1990 · Panspermia by Karl Sims
- 1999 · Electric Sheep by Scott Draves
- 2002 · Machado and Cardoso’s NEvAr system
- 2014 · Ian Goodfellow Introduces GANs
Echoes across time
Le Random editorials
- Karl Sims & Alexander Mordvintsev on Merging Technology and Biology, Peter Bauman, November 17, 2025
- Larva Labs on Computation’s Strangeness, Peter Bauman, October 6, 2025
- Demystifying Generative Aesthetics, Peter Bauman, March 21, 2024
- Casey Reas on the History of Generative Art - Part 2, Peter Bauman, July 5, 2023
Le Random podcast
- Tom White & Gene Kogan on the Birth of GAN Art (Deep Learning Series 01) — listen with transcript on Le Random (14 Apr 2025, 44 min). Transcript discusses GANs. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 6—Personal Computer Era (1980s) with Mark Wilson, Copper Giloth, Dan Sandin, David Em, William Latham, Stephen Todd, Darcy Gerbarg & Geoff Davis — listen with transcript on Le Random (08 Feb 2024, 85 min). Transcript mentions Karl Sims. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- One Year of Le Random — listen with transcript on Le Random (22 Mar 2024, 59 min). Transcript mentions Karl Sims. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 7—Net Era (1990s) with Auriea Harvey, Joshua Davis, LIA, Scott Draves & Vuk Ćosić — listen with transcript on Le Random (11 Apr 2024, 77 min). Chapter 7’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify