Generative Art Timeline · Chapter 2: Modern Era (1850–1949)

1872

Samuel Butler Publishes Erewhon

Publication · Europe

The cover of the 1872 first edition of Erewhon.
The cover of the 1872 first edition of Erewhon. Cover of Samuel Butler, Erewhon; or, Over the Range (London: Trübner, 1872), first edition. Via Wikimedia Commons.

For further proof that our fear of producing intelligent machines that could one day overtake us is nothing new, see Samuel Butler's satirical novel Erewhon; or, Over the Range.

In the book, its narrator finds a hidden country whose people destroyed every machine invented in the previous 271 years, persuaded by a book that noticed machines were evolving faster than living things and might one day become conscious. Ring a bell?

Text by Peter Bauman. Generative Art Timeline, Le Random, fact-checked September 2026.

Sources

People

Samuel Butler

Movements

artificial intelligence

Filed under

Ideas
evolution, machine consciousness, satire
People
Samuel Butler
Works
Darwin among the Machines, Erewhon, The Book of the Machines

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