Generative Art Timeline · Chapter 7: Net Era (1990s)
1998
Yellowtail by Golan Levin

This now legendary piece of software was begun by Levin at the Interval Research Corporation in 1998 and completed at MIT in 1999 and 2000. He would go on to show this piece to John Maeda, which would convince Maeda to let Levin join MIT’s Aesthetics and Computation Group (ACG) the following year. Once there, Yellowtail, which was conceived before Maeda even created DBN, “was first implemented using the EasyDraw DirectDraw framework by Scott Snibbe; then the ACU C++ graphics framework by the MIT ACG, and then in the Processing Java framework by Ben Fry and Casey Reas.” The work, beyond getting Levin in MIT, also was one of the first to be tested in the legendary development of Processing at MIT in the mid-to-late-’90s. This work’s place in art history is secured.
Levin spoke to this author, Peter Bauman, about his work in the 1990s saying:
“My work from the late-90s was a reaction to the making culture that assumed that multimedia was constructed from preloaded assets like sprites and background images. I was like, ‘No, the computer is a dynamic medium that can generate things on the fly.’”
The piece itself is an interactive software work that transforms user gestures into dynamic, abstract animations. Strokes made by the user are looped continuously, allowing control over both the shape and movement quality of lines. Each line has its unique cycle, creating a fluid, responsive animation, resembling organic textures.
Text by Peter Bauman. Generative Art Timeline, Le Random, fact-checked September 2026.
Sources
People
Ben Fry, Casey Reas, Golan Levin, John Maeda, Scott Snibbe
Movements
digital art, generative art, Interactive Art, software art
Filed under
- Ideas
- digital art, generative art, Interactive Art, interactivity, tools
- Technologies
- ACU, C++, Design by Numbers (DBN), DirectDraw, EasyDraw, Java, Processing, software art, sprites
- People
- Ben Fry, Casey Reas, Golan Levin, John Maeda, Scott Snibbe
- Works
- Yellowtail
- Organisations
- Aesthetics + Computation Group, Interval, Interval Research, MIT
Related moments
- 2001 · Casey Reas and Ben Fry Initiate Processing Project
- 1996 · Sun Microsystems Release Java 1.0
- 1998 · ACU Program Begins
Echoes across time
- 2013 · Lauren Lee McCarthy Creates p5.js
- 1968 · "On the Path to Computer Art” by the Parallel Group
- 1970 · Software at the Jewish Museum, New York
Le Random editorials
- Golan Levin on the Potentiality of Blobs, Peter Bauman, January 10, 2024
- John Maeda on Computational Evolution, Peter Bauman, July 22, 2024
- Casey Reas on the History of Generative Art - Part 2, Peter Bauman, July 5, 2023
- Casey Reas, Lauren Lee McCarthy & Chandler McWilliams on Expanding Software, Peter Bauman, August 20, 2024
Le Random podcast
- Timeline Ch 8—Tooling Era (2000s) with Christiane Paul, Casey Reas, Christa Sommerer & Golan Levin — listen with transcript on Le Random (15 May 2024, 64 min). Featuring Golan Levin, Casey Reas. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Elevating the Generative Art Space (Launch Episode) with Casey Reas, ciphrd, Anne Spalter, Anika Meier & Georg Bak — listen with transcript on Le Random (28 Jun 2023, 52 min). Featuring Casey Reas. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- One Year of Le Random — listen with transcript on Le Random (22 Mar 2024, 59 min). Transcript mentions Golan Levin. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 7—Net Era (1990s) with Auriea Harvey, Joshua Davis, LIA, Scott Draves & Vuk Ćosić — listen with transcript on Le Random (11 Apr 2024, 77 min). Chapter 7’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify