Generative Art Timeline · Chapter 4: Digital Era (1960s)
1968
Bit International Magazine Begins Publication

This New Tendencies magazine published by Zagreb City Galleries would release nine editions from 1968-1972.
The Zagreb group would go on to organize the iconic Tendencies 4 in 1969. 1968 saw the release of “Bit No. 1: The Theory of Information and the New Aesthetics,” which closely examined the thoughts of Max Bense and Abraham Moles.
“Bit No. 2: Computers and Visual Research” was also released in 1968 and featured the writings of A. Michael Noll, Herbert Franke, Hiroshi Kawano, Georg Nees, Frieder Nake and Leslie Mezei among others. The magazine serves a critical link between the New Tendencies movement and computer-generated art.
Listen to Peter Bauman’s interview with A. Michael Noll (transcript).
Text by Peter Bauman. Generative Art Timeline, Le Random.
Sources
People
A. Michael Noll, Abraham Moles, Frieder Nake, Georg Nees, Herbert W. Franke, Hiroshi Kawano, Leslie Mezei, Max Bense
Movements
computer art, generative art, New Tendencies, information aesthetics
Filed under
- Ideas
- generative art
- Technologies
- computer art, information theory
- People
- A. Michael Noll, Abraham Moles, Frieder Nake, Georg Nees, Herbert W. Franke, Hiroshi Kawano, Leslie Mezei, Max Bense
- Works
- Abraham, Bit international
- Exhibitions
- Information, Tendencies 4
- Organisations
- New Tendencies, Zagreb City Galleries
- Places
- Yugoslavia, Zagreb
- Other subjects
- Mezei
Related moments
- 1969 · Tendencies 4: Computers and Visual Research at Museum of Contemporary Art Zagreb
- 1965 · The Foundational Aesthetica Published by Max Bense is Finished
Echoes across time
- 2025 · Frieder Nake Wins 2025 ACM SIGGRAPH Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement in Digital Art
- 2009 · A Philosophy of Computer Art by Dominic Lopes
- 1948 · Claude Shannon Develops Information Theory with A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Le Random editorials
- Val Ravaglia on Electric Dreams, Peter Bauman, October 17, 2024
- A. Michael Noll on When It All Started, A. Michael Noll, March 25, 2025
- Frieder Nake on “Machinic” Miracles, Peter Bauman, July 10, 2024
Le Random podcast
- Timeline Ch 4—Digital Era Pt I (1960s) with Dr A Michael Noll — listen with transcript on Le Random (07 Sep 2023, 60 min). Featuring A. Michael Noll. Chapter 4’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 4—Digital Era Pt II (1960s) with Michael Spalter — listen with transcript on Le Random (21 Sep 2023, 77 min). Transcript mentions Bit international. Chapter 4’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Interview with Frieder Nake — listen with transcript on Le Random (16 Jul 2024, 41 min). Featuring Frieder Nake. Apple Podcasts · Spotify