Generative Art Timeline · Chapter 2: Modern Era (1850–1949)
1925
Bell Labs Founded

One of the most important developments in digital and generative art’s history, Bell Labs would go on to become instrumental in the development of computational art and animation. The list of pioneering engineers and artists with connections to the Lab is astonishing. The list includes: Billy Klüver, Kenneth Knowlton, A. Michael Noll, Béla Julesz, Edward Zajec, Leon Harmon, Claude Shannon, Stan Vanderbeek, Lillian Schwartz, Nam June Paik and Max Mathews.
Their innovative work in the 1960s and 1970s was absolutely critical to the development of art and technology, laying the groundwork for the digital art revolution that would follow. In fact, Bell Labs’s Billy Klüver would co-found Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.) with Robert Rauschenberg in the ’60s.
Listen to Peter Bauman’s interview with A. Michael Noll (transcript).
Text by Peter Bauman. Generative Art Timeline, Le Random.
Sources
People
A. Michael Noll, Billy Klüver, Béla Julesz, Claude Shannon, Edward Zajec, Ken Knowlton, Leon Harmon, Lillian Schwartz, Max Mathews, Nam June Paik, Robert Rauschenberg, Stan VanDerBeek
Movements
computer animation, computer art, digital art, generative art, Technology and Art
Filed under
- Ideas
- digital art, generative art, Technology and Art
- Technologies
- Claude, computer animation, computer art
- People
- A. Michael Noll, Billy Klüver, Béla Julesz, Claude Shannon, Edward Zajec, Ken Knowlton, Leon Harmon, Lillian Schwartz, Max Mathews, Nam June Paik, Robert Rauschenberg, Stan VanDerBeek
- Works
- Art and Technology
- Organisations
- Bell Labs, Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.)
Related moments
- 1962 · A. Michael Noll Creates some of the First Creative Graphics with a Digital Computer; Terms Phrase Programmer-Artist
- 1963 · Gaussian Quadratic by A. Michael Noll
- 1965 · Portrait of the Machine As a Young Artist by John R. Pierce in Playboy One of the Earliest Computer Art Essays
- 1966 · Experiments in Art and Technology Founded with EAT News
Echoes across time
- 1981 · Computer Culture 81, Ontario College of Art
- 1967 · Hummingbird by Charles Csuri
- 1981 · Plan K International Festival voor Elektronische Muziek, Video en Computer Art in Brussels.
Le Random editorials
- A. Michael Noll on When It All Started, A. Michael Noll, March 25, 2025
Le Random podcast
- Timeline Ch 4—Digital Era Pt I (1960s) with Dr A Michael Noll — listen with transcript on Le Random (07 Sep 2023, 60 min). Featuring A. Michael Noll. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Dr. Nancy Perloff on Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.) — listen with transcript on Le Random (12 Sep 2024, 48 min). Title mentions: Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.). Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 2—Modern Era with Kate Vass — listen with transcript on Le Random (20 Jul 2023, 58 min). Chapter 2’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify