Generative Art Timeline · Chapter 4: Digital Era (1960s)
1966
Poemfields by Stan VanDerBeek

Having studied with the poet M.C. Richards and composer John Cage at Black Mountain College, artist Stan VanDerBeek begins developing Poemfields, a series of eight computer-generated films that introduce his “image-based poetry language.” In collaboration with computer scientist Ken Knowlton at Bell Labs, VanDerBeek uses Knowlton’s BEFLIX and an IBM 7094 from 1966-1971.
-Sasha Stiles
Casey Reas also mentions Poemfields to Le Random as an important early generative film that played a role dematerializing art.
Listen to Peter Bauman’s interview with A. Michael Noll (transcript) where he discusses Knowlton, BEFLIX and the early days at Bell Labs.
*Image credit: The Stan VanDerBeek Archive. Courtesy of the artist
Text by Peter Bauman. Generative Art Timeline, Le Random.
Sources
People
Casey Reas, John Cage, Ken Knowlton, M.C. Richards, Sasha Stiles, Stan VanDerBeek
Movements
Computer Text, Generative Poetry
Filed under
- Ideas
- collaboration, Computer Film, Computer Text, dematerialization, Generative Poetry, poetry
- Technologies
- BEFLIX, IBM 7094
- People
- Casey Reas, John Cage, Ken Knowlton, M.C. Richards, Sasha Stiles, Stan VanDerBeek
- Works
- Poem Field
- Organisations
- Bell Labs, Black Mountain College
Related moments
Echoes across time
- 2015 · Oscar Schwartz gives a TEDx Talk on Computational Poetics
- 2000 · Ray Kurzweil’s Cybernetic Poet
- 2002 · Christian Bök Publishes The Piecemeal Bard is Deconstructed
Le Random editorials
- Casey Reas on the History of Generative Art - Part 1, Peter Bauman, June 22, 2023
- Sasha Stiles and Martha Joseph on Language as Technology, Peter Bauman, September 10, 2025
- Sasha Stiles on Writing Poets, Peter Bauman, January 25, 2024
- Casey Reas, Lauren Lee McCarthy & Chandler McWilliams on Expanding Software, Peter Bauman, August 20, 2024
Le Random podcast
- Timeline Ch 4—Digital Era Pt I (1960s) with Dr A Michael Noll — listen with transcript on Le Random (07 Sep 2023, 60 min). Linked in this moment’s text. Chapter 4’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Elevating the Generative Art Space (Launch Episode) with Casey Reas, ciphrd, Anne Spalter, Anika Meier & Georg Bak — listen with transcript on Le Random (28 Jun 2023, 52 min). Featuring Casey Reas. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 8—Tooling Era (2000s) with Christiane Paul, Casey Reas, Christa Sommerer & Golan Levin — listen with transcript on Le Random (15 May 2024, 64 min). Featuring Casey Reas. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 4—Digital Era Pt II (1960s) with Michael Spalter — listen with transcript on Le Random (21 Sep 2023, 77 min). Chapter 4’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify