Generative Art Timeline · Chapter 6: Personal Computer Era (1980s)
1986
Boids by Craig Reynolds

Computer scientist Craig Reynolds introduced the groundbreaking Boids algorithm, a significant milestone in the history of digital generative art and artificial life simulations.
Inspired by the mesmerizing patterns of bird flocking and fish schooling, Reynolds' Boids simulated the collective behavior of autonomous agents. It allowed these virtual creatures, or “boids,” to navigate their digital world by following a few simple rules: separation, alignment and cohesion. These rules gave rise to intricate and lifelike group dynamics in computer-generated animations and simulations.
Reynolds' work not only fascinated computer scientists and animators but also inspired a generation of artists, including Casey Reas, who mentioned this development to Le Random. Boids became a powerful metaphor for exploring the emergent complexity that arises from the interactions of simple entities.
Boids remains a symbol of the fruitful crossroads between technology, nature and artistic expression.
Text by Peter Bauman. Generative Art Timeline, Le Random.
Sources
People
Movements
artificial life, Machine Learning Art
Filed under
- Ideas
- animation, artificial life, complexity, emergence, generative art, Machine Learning Art, nature
- Technologies
- artificial intelligence, Boids, flocking
- People
- Casey Reas, Craig Reynolds
Echoes across time
- 2010 · Characteristics of pattern formation by Jeff Jones
- 1951 · John von Neumann Devises Cellular Automata
- 2018 · BOB by Ian Cheng
Le Random editorials
- Casey Reas on the History of Generative Art - Part 2, Peter Bauman, July 5, 2023
- Demystifying Generative Systems, Peter Bauman, June 20, 2024
- Demystifying Generative Aesthetics, Peter Bauman, March 21, 2024
- Casey Reas, Lauren Lee McCarthy & Chandler McWilliams on Expanding Software, Peter Bauman, August 20, 2024
Le Random podcast
- Anna Ridler & Sofia Crespo—The Natural History of Machine Learning with Peter Bauman (Deep Learning Series 03) — listen with transcript on Le Random (28 Nov 2025, 54 min). Transcript mentions Boids. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Elevating the Generative Art Space (Launch Episode) with Casey Reas, ciphrd, Anne Spalter, Anika Meier & Georg Bak — listen with transcript on Le Random (28 Jun 2023, 52 min). Featuring Casey Reas. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 8—Tooling Era (2000s) with Christiane Paul, Casey Reas, Christa Sommerer & Golan Levin — listen with transcript on Le Random (15 May 2024, 64 min). Featuring Casey Reas. Apple Podcasts · Spotify
- Timeline Ch 6—Personal Computer Era (1980s) with Mark Wilson, Copper Giloth, Dan Sandin, David Em, William Latham, Stephen Todd, Darcy Gerbarg & Geoff Davis — listen with transcript on Le Random (08 Feb 2024, 85 min). Chapter 6’s episode. Apple Podcasts · Spotify