Le Random · Generative Art Timeline

Every moment

1,147 moments in ten chapters, from 71,000 BCE to 2025, written by Peter Bauman.

Chapter 01 · Pre-1850Pre-Modern Era

Read the history of the Pre-Modern Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 1—Pre-Modern Era with Marius Watz

  1. 71,000 BCE Blombos Cave Drawing
  2. 24,000 BCE Oldest Evidence of Basket Weaving
  3. ca. 2300 BCE First Known Author Is a Woman
  4. 2000 BCE Babylonians Begin Visualizing Mathematics
  5. 1000 BCE I Ching Later Read as Binary
  6. 900 BCE Ancient Andean Textiles Weave Legacy of Identity
  7. 800 BCE Oracle at Delphi
  8. 500 BCE Pythagoras Popularizes Geometric Patterns
  9. 300 BCE Euclid’s Elements
  10. 285 BCE Library of Alexandria Established
  11. 50 Hero of Alexandria Invents Automata
  12. 700 Emergence of Islamic Geometric Art
  13. 820 Al-Khwārizmī’s Writes Concerning the Hindu Art of Reckoning
  14. 1274 Ramon Llull Designs the Logic Machine
  15. 1330 Richard of Wallingford Designs the St Albans Astronomical Clock
  16. 1440 Johannes Gutenberg’s Printing Press
  17. 1509 Luca Pacioli publishes De Divina Proportione, illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci
  18. 1514 Albrecht Dürer Creates Engraving Melencolia I
  19. 1637 René Descartes Poses a Language Test for Machines
  20. 1642 Blaise Pascal Builds the Pascaline
  21. 1666 Gottfried Leibniz Pioneers Computational Thinking
  22. 1673 Gottfried Leibniz Builds the Calculating Machine
  23. 1677 Artificial Versifying by John Peter
  24. 1726 Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver’s Travels and includes a description of the Engine.
  25. 1757 Johann Philipp Kirnberger’s Musical Dice Game
  26. 1763 Thomas Bayes develops Bayesian Inference
  27. 1783 Karl Gottlieb von Windisch Publishes Inanimate Reason
  28. 1804 Joseph-Marie Jacquard Invents the Jacquard Loom
  29. 1818 Mary Shelley Publishes Frankenstein
  30. 1827 Nicéphore Niépce Produces the Earliest Surviving Camera Photograph
  31. 1834 Charles Babbage Develops His Analytical Engine
  32. 1843 Lady Lovelace's Objection
  33. 1843 Ada Lovelace Publishes the First Algorithm Written for a Machine
  34. 1844 Hugh Blackburn Describes the Harmonograph
  35. 1845 Eureka Exhibited at London’s Egyptian Hall

Chapter 02 · 1850–1949Modern Era

Read the history of the Modern Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 2—Modern Era with Kate Vass

  1. 1851 The Great Exhibition of London Lights Early Spark of the Arts & Crafts Movement
  2. 1854 George Boole Publishes An Investigation of the Laws of Thought
  3. 1855 Gustave Courbet’s Pavilion of Realism
  4. 1861 William Morris Founds Decorative Arts Firm Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co.
  5. 1863 Édouard Manet’s Work Rejected by Paris Salon
  6. 1863 The Salon des Refusés Opens in Paris
  7. 1868 James Clerk Maxwell publishes his theoretical analysis of Watt’s governor
  8. 1872 Samuel Butler Publishes Erewhon
  9. 1874 The First Impressionist Exhibition
  10. 1874 Impressionist Movement Named
  11. 1876 The Second Impressionist Exhibition
  12. 1876 Tulip and Rose by Morris & Co.
  13. 1877 Peacock Room by James Whistler
  14. 1877 The Third to Eighth Impressionist Exhibitions
  15. 1878 Remington Releases the Standard Number 2 Typewriter
  16. 1883 Art Nouveau Is Born
  17. 1884 Seurat Kicks of Post-Impressionism with Pointilism
  18. 1884 Founding of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
  19. 1887 Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society Officially Gives Arts & Crafts Movement its Name
  20. 1888 John Venn’s graphical indication of randomness Appears in The Logic of Chance
  21. 1888 The Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society Holds its First Annual Exhibition
  22. 1890 Henri Poincaré Publishes Seminal Paper on the Three-Body Problem
  23. 1895 Paul Cézanne’s First Solo Exhibition
  24. 1897 Un coup de dés jamais n’abolira le hasard (A Throw of the Dice will Never Abolish Chance) by Stéphane Mallarmé
  25. 1904 Hermann Muthesius Inspired by visit to Great Britain
  26. 1905 First exhibition of Fauvism
  27. 1906 Cézanne Begins His Mont Sainte-Victoire Series
  28. 1907 Les Demoiselles d’Avignon by Picasso kicks off Cubism
  29. 1907 Group IV, The Ten Largest, No. 7, Adulthood by Hilma af Klint
  30. 1907 Hermann Muthesius Founds the Deutscher Werkbund
  31. 1909 Manifesto of Futurism Published by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
  32. 1909 E. M. Forster's The Machine Stops
  33. 1910 Georges Claude Invents the Neon Light
  34. 1911 Der Blaue Reiter Exhibition
  35. 1912 Sonia and Robery Delaunay Develop Orphism
  36. 1912 Henry van de Velde Forms the Weimar School of Arts and Crafts
  37. 1912 Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 by Marcel Duchamp
  38. 1912 Leonardo Torres Quevedo Builds El Ajedrecista, a Chess-Playing Automaton
  39. 1913 Malevich Begins Developing Suprematism
  40. 1913 3 Standard Stoppages by Marcel Duchamp
  41. 1913 Bicycle Wheel by Marcel Duchamp
  42. 1914 Prismes électriques by Sonia Delaunay
  43. 1915 Kazimir Malevich Stages The Last Exhibition of Futurist Painting 0.10 in Petrograd
  44. 1915 Black Square by Kazimir Malevich
  45. 1916 Hugo Ball and Emmy Hennings Found Dadaism
  46. 1917 Composition with Lines by Piet Mondrian
  47. 1917 Mondrian and van Doesburg Found De Stijl
  48. 1917 On Growth and Form Published by D’Arcy Thompson
  49. 1917 Fountain by Marcel Duchamp
  50. 1917 Untitled [Squares Arranged according to the Laws of Chance] by Hans Arp
  51. 1917 Painterly Architectonic by Liubov Popova
  52. 1918 Edouard Jeanneret [Le Corbusier] and Amédée Ozenfant form Purism
  53. 1918 Red and Blue Chair by Gerrit Rietveld
  54. 1919 Walter Gropius founds Bauhaus
  55. 1919 LHOOQ by Marcel Duchamp
  56. 1919 Tradition and the Individual Talent by T.S. Eliot
  57. 1920 Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray create Rotary Glass Plates [Precision Optics]
  58. 1920 First Dadaist Fair Held in Berlin
  59. 1920 Obstruction by Man Ray
  60. 1920 Bauhaus Weaving Workshop Initiated by Gunta Stölzl
  61. 1920 Dada Head by Sophie Taeuber-Arp
  62. 1920 Random Poetry (generation) by Tristan Tzara
  63. 1920 Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. Names the Robot
  64. 1921 Tatlin and Rodchenko Found Constructivism
  65. 1921 Students Responsible for Teaching Themselves at Bauhau Weaving Workshop
  66. 1922 K VII by László Moholy-Nagy
  67. 1922 Thomas Wilfred Begins His Lumia Public Performances
  68. 1922 Rayograph by Man Ray
  69. 1922 Oskar Schlemmer premières 'Triadisches Ballett'
  70. 1923 László Moholy-Nagy Begins Teaching at Bauhaus
  71. 1923 Construction in Enamel by László Moholy-Nagy
  72. 1923 Composition 8 by Wassily Kandinsky
  73. 1923 Bauhaus Repositions
  74. 1923 First exhibition of Bauhaus, Weimar
  75. 1923 Bauhaus Weaving Workshop Developes New Aesthetic
  76. 1923 Constructivists Publish Their Manifesto in Lef
  77. 1923 Mavo movement founded in Japan
  78. 1924 André Breton Writes the Surrealist Manifesto
  79. 1924 Counter Composition V by Theo van Doesburg
  80. 1925 The Isms of Art by Hans Arp and El Lissitzky
  81. 1925 Bell Labs Founded
  82. 1925 International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts, Paris
  83. 1925 The Bauhaus Moves to the Iconic Dessau Campus
  84. 1925 Bauhaus Weavers Revolt
  85. 1925 Surrealists Experiment with Rules-Based Chance
  86. 1927 Gunta Stölzl Named Director of Bauhaus Weaving Workshop
  87. 1927 Kazimir Malevich Publishes The Non-Objective World
  88. 1927 Max Ernst Develops Pioneering Method of Chance in Painting, Grattage
  89. 1927 Philo Farnsworth Invents the Image Dissector
  90. 1927 Vannevar Bush constructs his Differential Analyser
  91. 1928 The Bauhaus Opens Workshops to All Students
  92. 1929 Highway and Byways by Paul Klee
  93. 1929 Arithmetic Composition by Theo van Doesburg
  94. 1930 Light Prop for an Electric Stage by László Moholy-Nagy
  95. 1930 Composition with Red Blue and Yellow by Piet Mondrian
  96. 1930 Concrete Art Coined by Theo van Doesburg
  97. 1930 Color Structure by Joaquín Torres-García
  98. 1931 Gunta Stölzl Departs the Bauhaus
  99. 1933 Nazis Permanently Close the Bauhaus
  100. 1933 George David Birkhoff Proposes the Aesthetic Measure
  101. 1933 Black Mountain College Opens
  102. 1934 Abstract Composition by Jean Hélion
  103. 1934 Endless Rhythm by Robert Delaunay
  104. 1934 Joaquín Torres-García Brings Geometric Abstraction to Latin America
  105. 1934 The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Green Box) (La Mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires, même [Boîte verte] ) by Marcel Duchamp
  106. 1936 Alan Turing Describes the Turing Machine
  107. 1936 Exhibition of Cubism and Abstract Art, MoMA
  108. 1937 László Moholy-Nagy founds the Chicago Institute of Design
  109. 1938 Konrad Zuse Creates the Z1
  110. 1941 Konrad Zuse Completes the Z3
  111. 1942 Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil Patent Frequency Hopping
  112. 1943 Abstract Expressionism Begins
  113. 1943 Exhibition by 31 Women at Peggy Guggenheim’s The Art of this Century
  114. 1943 Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts publish A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity
  115. 1943 Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener and Julian Bigelow Publish Behavior, Purpose and Teleology
  116. 1944 Language of Vision by György Kepes
  117. 1944 Arturo Births Madí and AACI
  118. 1945 Birth of Art Informel in France
  119. 1945 Three Spheres I by M. C. Escher
  120. 1945 ENIAC Developed
  121. 1945 The Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención (AACI) Founded
  122. 1946 Grupo Madí Movement
  123. 1946 Luminous Structures by Gyula Kosice
  124. 1946 Birth of Early Digital Tools
  125. 1947 Molnár’s Paris: Vera Molnár Moves to Paris
  126. 1947 Jean-José Marchand and Georges Mathieu coin the term lyrical abstraction
  127. 1947 Bell Labs Team Discovers the Transistor
  128. 1947 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Established
  129. 1947 Kathleen Booth Writes an Early Assembly Language
  130. 1948 Cybernetics Is Born
  131. 1948 Claude Shannon Develops Information Theory with A Mathematical Theory of Communication
  132. 1948 Molnár’s Paris: Vera and Francois Molnár Marry and Find Studio Space
  133. 1948 The Mathematical Basis of the Arts by Joseph Schillinger
  134. 1948 CoBrA Formed
  135. 1948 Jean Dubuffet’s Art Brut
  136. 1948 William Grey Walter Constructs the First Electronic Autonomous Robots
  137. 1948 Yoru no Kai Founded
  138. 1948 Jack Kerouac Introduces Phrase Beat Generation
  139. 1948 Klára Dán von Neumann Codes the First Monte Carlo Simulations on ENIAC
  140. 1948 Norbert Wiener Publishes Cybernetics
  141. 1948–1952 W. Ross Ashby Builds the Homeostat
  142. 1949 "Anni Albers: Textiles” Exhibition at Museum of Modern Art
  143. 1949 Composition by Kenneth Martin
  144. 1949 Yomiuri Indépendant Begins
  145. 1949 Donald Hebb Publishes The Organization of Behavior

Chapter 03 · 1950sAnalog Era

Read the history of the Analog Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 3—Analog Era (1950s) with Georg Bak

  1. 1950 Alan Turing Proposes the Turing Test
  2. 1950 Ben Laposky Makes the First Oscillons
  3. 1950 Molnár’s Paris: Molnárs Move to Belleville
  4. 1950 Alejandro Otero Begins His Collage Work
  5. 1950 Jesús Rafael Soto Settles in Paris
  6. 1950–1952 Early Computers Play Tic-Tac-Toe, Nim, Chess and Draughts
  7. 1951 Edmund C. Berkeley Begins Publishing Computers and Automation
  8. 1951 John von Neumann Devises Cellular Automata
  9. 1951 Ivan Moscovich Begins Experimenting with Mathematical Forms
  10. 1951 Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds Build the SNARC Neural Network Machine
  11. 1951 The Ferranti Mark I Is the First Commercially Available Electronic Computer
  12. 1951 Jikken Kobo Begins
  13. 1951 “Imaginary Landscape No 4″ by John Cage
  14. 1951 Spectrum Colors Arranged by Chance by Ellsworth Kelly
  15. 1951 Around Is Around by Norman McLaren
  16. 1951 MIT Demonstrates the Whirlwind Computer
  17. 1952 Theater Piece No. 1 by John Cage
  18. 1952 Love-Letters by Christopher Strachey
  19. 1952 Founding of the Independent Group (IG)
  20. 1952 Abstronic by Mary Ellen Bute
  21. 1952 Birth of Neo-Dada
  22. 1952 Electronic Abstractions by Ben Laposky
  23. 1952–1959 Arthur Samuel’s Checkers Program Learns from Experience
  24. 1953 Grace Murray Hopper Invents General Programming Languages
  25. c. 1953 Antennae with Red and Blue Dots by Alexander Calder
  26. 1953 Mood Contrasts by Mary Ellen Bute
  27. 1953 Oscillons 34, 26, 14, 47 by Ben Laposky
  28. 1953 Plans mobiles by Pol Bury
  29. 1953 Jikken Kōbō’s Fifth Presentation Introduces the Autoslide Works
  30. 1953 Musicolour (1953–57), Gordon Pask
  31. 1953 Roald Dahl's “The Great Automatic Grammatizator”
  32. 1953 Pierre de Latil Publishes Thinking by Machine
  33. 1954 Gutai Movement in Japan
  34. 1954 Max Bense Begins Publishing Aesthetica
  35. 1954 Ivan Serpa Founds The Grupo Frente
  36. 1954 Molnár’s Paris: Rue de Gergovie Apartment and Studio
  37. 1954 Whirlwind and SAGE Initiatives by US Military Funding Spark Computing Innovations
  38. 1954 Margaret Masterman Founds the Cambridge Language Research Unit
  39. 1955 John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky & Claude Shannon Introduce World to AI
  40. 1955 Victor Vasarely’s Yellow Manifesto Lays Generative Art’s Conceptual Foundation
  41. 1955 The Term Artificial Intelligence Is Coined
  42. 1955 Le Mouvement Is First Post-War Kinetic Exhibition
  43. 1955 Experimental Outdoor Exhibition of Modern Art to Challenge the Midsummer Sun by Gutai
  44. 1956 Ben Laposky Releases Colored Electronic Image
  45. 1956 Herbert W. Franke Begins Creating Art with an Oscillograph
  46. 1956 CYSP 1 by Nicolas Schöffer
  47. 1956 The New Landscape in Art and Science by György Kepes
  48. 1956 2nd Gutai Outdoor Exhibition in Ashiya Park
  49. 1956 Electric Dress by Atsuko Tanaka
  50. 1956 Suite for Five by Merce Cunningham
  51. 1956 Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert Simon Build the Logic Theorist
  52. 1957 John Backus Releases FORTRAN
  53. 1957 An Experiment in Musical Composition is Published
  54. 1957 Syntactic Structures by Noam Chomsky
  55. 1957 ZERO Forms in Düsseldorf
  56. 1957 Black Mountain College Closes
  57. 1957 Richard Hamilton Lists the ‘Characteristics of Pop Art’
  58. 1957 Allan Kaprow Begins Making ‘Environments’
  59. 1957 Duchamp Gives His Famous Talk, The Creative Act
  60. 1957 Max Mathews Develops MUSIC I
  61. 1957 Voyage II, Frank Malina
  62. 1958 A. P. Rich Writes Program for the Design of Wave Patterns for Textiles
  63. 1958 Theorie de l’information et perception esthetique (Information Theory and Esthetic Perception) by Abraham A. Moles
  64. 1958 Fontana Mix, John Cage
  65. 1958 John Whitney Sr. Makes the Vertigo Titles with an Analog Computing Device
  66. 1958 Méta-matic No. 8 by Jean Tinguely
  67. 1958 Jack St. Clair Kilby at Texas Instruments and, independently, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Arrive at the Integrated Circuit
  68. 1958 I. J. Good Speaks on Machine Judgment at the Gaberbocchus Common Room
  69. 1958 Frank Rosenblatt Introduces the Perceptron
  70. 1959 Minimalism Emerges with 16 Americans at MoMA
  71. 1959 Béla Julesz Invents Random-dot Stereograms
  72. 1959 Raymond Scott Builds the Electronium, an Instrument for Generative Composition
  73. 1959 Herbert W. Franke’s Experimentelle Ästhetik Exhibition
  74. 1959 CalComp 565 Drum Plotter Released
  75. 1959 Gustav Metzger Begins Creating Auto-Destructive Art
  76. 1959 The Two Cultures Lecture by C.P. Snow
  77. 1959 18 Happenings in 6 Parts by Allan Kaprow
  78. 1959 Manifesto Neoconcreto by Ferreira Gullar
  79. 1959 Theo Lutz produces Stochastic Texts
  80. 1959 Tête barbue (Bearded Head) by Jean Dubuffet
  81. 1959 Vera Molnár Develops Her Machine Imaginaire
  82. 1959 John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky Found the MIT Artificial Intelligence Project
  83. 1959 Oliver Selfridge Proposes Pandemonium
  84. 1959 The National Physical Laboratory's Mechanisation of Thought Processes

Chapter 04 · 1960sDigital Era

Read the history of the Digital Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 4—Digital Era Pt I (1960s) with Dr A Michael Noll, Timeline Ch 4—Digital Era Pt II (1960s) with Michael Spalter

  1. 1960 Kurd Alsleben and Cord Passow Make Analog Computer Drawings
  2. 1960 Karl Otto Götz Manually Anticipates Digital Generative Art
  3. 1960 John Whitney Sr. Founds Motion Graphics Incorporated
  4. 1960 Vera Molnar Co-Founds Centre de Recherche d’Art Visuel, (later Groupe de Recherche d’Art Visuel (GRAV))
  5. 1960 Music from Mathematics, the First Computer Music Issued on Record
  6. 1960 Konkrete Kunst: 50 Jahre Entwicklung, Helmhaus Zürich
  7. 1960 William Fetter Creates the First Computer Graphics
  8. 1960 John McCarthy Introduces LISP
  9. 1960 Bernard Widrow and Marcian Hoff Introduce ADALINE
  10. 1960 Lygia Clark Begins Her Bichos
  11. 1961 Grand tir–séance Galerie J by Niki de Saint Phalle
  12. 1961 Automat und Mensch Kybernetische Tatsachen und Hypothesen by Karl Steinbuch
  13. 1961 George Maciunas’s Bread & AG Opens in New York, the First Fluxus Event
  14. 1961 Nove tendencije the first New Tendencies exhibition opens at the Gallery for Contemporary Art, Zagreb
  15. 1961 Invention of the Zuse Graphomat Z 64
  16. 1961 Symbols, Signals, and Noise by John R. Pierce
  17. 1961 An Approach to Cybernetics by Gordon Pask
  18. 1961 Variations luminodynamiques by Nicolas Schöffer
  19. 1961 Epidauros II by Barbara Hepworth
  20. 1961 Dragons Emerging from the Forest by Kazuo Shiraga
  21. 1961 Bridget Riley Paints Movement in Squares
  22. 1962 A. Michael Noll Creates some of the First Creative Graphics with a Digital Computer; Terms Phrase Programmer-Artist
  23. 1962 The US Company (USCO) Garners Interest for Science and Technology in Art
  24. 1962 Umberto Eco Coins Programmed Art
  25. 1962 American Pop Art Bursts onto the Scene
  26. 1962 Augmenting Human Intellect by Douglas Engelbart
  27. 1962 The Open Work by Umberto Eco
  28. 1962 The Great Experiment: Russian Art, 1863-1922 by Camilla Gray
  29. 1962 Lee Harrison III Builds ANIMAC
  30. 1962 Clark and Molnar Invent the LINC
  31. 1962 Pour une peinture expérimentale programmée, in Groupe de recherche d’art visuel (Paris: Galerie Denise René; GRAV)
  32. 1962 Viktor Glushkov Proposes OGAS, a Soviet Computer Network
  33. 1962 I. J. Good Edits The Scientist Speculates
  34. 1962 Frank Rosenblatt Publishes Principles of Neurodynamics
  35. 1962 Daphne Oram Develops Oramics, Sound Drawn by Hand
  36. 1963 Ivan Sutherland Invents Sketchpad
  37. 1963 Henry Flynt Coins Concept Art
  38. 1963 Military Agencies Create Early Computer-Generated Art
  39. 1963 Computers and Automation Births Computer Art
  40. 1963 Condensation Cube by Hans Haacke
  41. 1963 Gaussian Quadratic by A. Michael Noll
  42. 1963 Thomas Wilfred, Lumia Suite, Opus 158
  43. 1963 compArt ER 56 series and Random Polygon Move Signal Frieder Nake’s Entrance into Computer Art
  44. 1963 Exposition of Music—Electronic Television Exhibition by Nam June Paik
  45. 1963 Simulation of a Two-Gyro Gravity-Gradient Attitude Control System by Edward E. Zajac
  46. 1963 ASCII Adopted as Standard
  47. 1963 Inventing the Future by Dennis Gabor
  48. 1963 Roy Ascott’s First Show: Diagram-boxes and Analogue Structures
  49. 1963 Kenneth C. Knowlton develops BEFLIX
  50. 1963 Charles Csuri Begins Experimenting with Computers and Art
  51. 1964 Doug Engelbart Designs the First Computer Mouse
  52. 1964 Hiroshi Kawano Publishes His First Algorithmic Images
  53. 1964 The First Man (Boeing Man) by William Fetter
  54. 1964 Molnár’s Paris: Rue Hallé Permanent Home
  55. 1964 First Piece of Computer Art Criticism by Arnold Rockman and Leslie Mezei
  56. 1964 US Army’s BRL Wins Computer Art Content Top Prize for Second Straight Year
  57. 1964 Leslie Mezei Gives the First Lecture on Computer Art
  58. 1964 ’monument’ for V. Tatlin by Dan Flavin
  59. 1964 Time Popularizes Op Art
  60. 1964 23-Ecke by Georg Nees
  61. 1964 First version of BASIC Released
  62. 1964 Marshall McLuhan Published Book "Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man”
  63. 1964 Computer Composition with Lines by A. Michael Noll
  64. 1964 Yoko Ono Publishes Grapefruit
  65. 1965 The Foundational Aesthetica Published by Max Bense is Finished
  66. 1965 The World’s First Computer Art Exhibition: Georg Nees: Computergrafik, Studiengalerie der TH Stuttgart
  67. 1965 Computer-Generated Pictures, Howard Wise Gallery
  68. 1965 computer grafik by Georg Nees and Frieder Nake at Galerie Wendelin Niedlich in Stuttgart (Germany)
  69. 1965 Giorno Poetry Systems Founded
  70. 1965 The Responsive Eye, MoMA
  71. 1965 13/9/65 Nr. 2 (Hommage à Paul Klee) by Frieder Nake
  72. 1965 Five Screens with Computer by Gustav Metzger
  73. 1965 Portrait of the Machine As a Young Artist by John R. Pierce in Playboy One of the Earliest Computer Art Essays
  74. 1965 “Electronic Art" Exhibition by Nam June Paik at Galeria Bonino (New York)
  75. 1965 Four Self-Distorting Grids by François Morellet
  76. 1965 Four-Dimensional Hyperobjects by A. Michael Noll
  77. 1965 nul 1965, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
  78. 1965 Computer-Produced Movies by Kenneth C. Knowlton
  79. 1965 DENDRAL Project Begins at Stanford
  80. 1965 I. J. Good Predicts an Intelligence Explosion
  81. 1965 Alexey Ivakhnenko and Valentin Lapa Train Multilayer Networks
  82. 1965 Warren S. McCulloch Publishes Embodiments of Mind
  83. 1965 Stanisław Lem Publishes The Cyberiad
  84. 1965 Anni Albers Publishes On Weaving
  85. 1965 Mary Allen Wilkes Takes a Computer Home
  86. 1966 Systemic Painting Exhibition, The Guggenheim Museum
  87. 1966 CTG Pioneers Digital Generative Systems
  88. 1966 9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering at the 69th Regiment Armory
  89. 1966 Maughan S. Mason’s Traveling Show of Analog Computer Generated Works
  90. 1966 Joseph Weizenbaum publishes ELIZA
  91. 1966 Poemfields by Stan VanDerBeek
  92. 1966 Information Theory and Esthetic Perception by Abraham Moles
  93. 1966 Composition with Squares and "Walk-through-Raster” by Frieder Nake
  94. 1966 Sol LeWitt Begins Producing Serial Work
  95. 1966 Untitled (one gallon of industrial high-gloss enamel, poured) by William Anastasi
  96. 1966 Primary Structures Exhibition at The Jewish Museum Helps Introduce Minimalism
  97. 1966 Kunst-Licht-Kunst Artificial Light Exhibition
  98. 1966 Interference by Jean-Pierre Yvaral
  99. 1966 "Behaviourist Art and the Cybernetic Vision” by Roy Ascott
  100. 1966 Experiments in Art and Technology Founded with EAT News
  101. 1966 Herstellung von zeichnerischen Darstellungen, Tonfolgen und Texten mit elektronischen Rechenanlagen (Production of graphic renderings, audio sequences, and texts by electronic computers) Exhibition
  102. 1966 Teletype Corporation develops Inktronic
  103. 1966–1968 First Pattern Recognition Workshops Meet in Puerto Rico and Delft
  104. 1966–1972 Stanford Research Institute Builds Shakey the Robot
  105. 1966 Hanne Darboven Begins Her Number Constructions
  106. 1967 The House of Dust by Alison Knowles
  107. 1967 E.A.T. Holds Its Press Launch at Rauschenberg’s Studio
  108. 1967 Sol LeWitt Defines Conceptual Art in Print
  109. 1967 Charles Csuri Enters the Computer Art Scene with Series of Important Works
  110. 1967 Hummingbird by Charles Csuri
  111. 1967 Untitled (Micro Innovation) by Georg Nees
  112. 1967 Verifying star by Donald K. Robbins
  113. 1967 Matrix Multiplication Series 31 by Frieder Nake
  114. 1967 Computer Nude (Studies in Perception I) by Leon Harmon and Ken Knowlton
  115. 1967–68 Running Cola is Africa by Computer Technique Group (CTG)
  116. 1967 The Science of Art by Robert E. Mueller
  117. 1967 Research Center Art Technology and Society Founded in Amsterdam by Robert Hartzema, Tjebbe van Tijen
  118. 1967 Gyorgy Kepes Establishes the Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) at MIT
  119. 1967 Logo Language Developed
  120. 1967–1972 Shun-ichi Amari Publishes Learning Rules for Neural Networks
  121. 1968 Schotter by Georg Nees
  122. 1968 Cybernetic Serendipity Defines a Movement
  123. 1968 The machine, as seen at the end of the mechanical age at MoMA
  124. 1968 Generative Photography at Bielefeld Kunsthaus
  125. 1968 Computer Graphic Exhibition at Brno House of Arts
  126. 1968 Aristid Lindenmayer Introduces the World to L-Systems
  127. 1968 Douglas Engelbart Gives The Mother of all Demos
  128. 1968 "On the Path to Computer Art” by the Parallel Group
  129. 1968 Leslie Mezei Develops SPARTA
  130. 1968 First Publication of Leonardo
  131. 1968 Centro de Estudios de Artes y Comunicación (CEAC), later CAyC, Established in Buenos Aires
  132. 1968 Foundation of the Computer Arts Society
  133. 1968 Computer Art: Media Transformation through Electronics by CTG
  134. 1968 Lillian Schwartz Begins Her Computer Art Career
  135. 1968 Notable computer artworks
  136. 1968 Plexus and The Snail by Kerry Strand and Larry Jenkins
  137. 1968 Molnár’s Paris: First Computer Encounter: Bull-GE HQ
  138. 1968 Vera Molnár Begins her Computer Art Phase with the Interruptions Series
  139. 1968 Beyond Modern Sculpture: The Effects of Science and Technology on the Sculpture of Our Time by Jack Burnham
  140. 1968 Georg Nees Completes His PhD Thesis (In German), Generative Computergraphik
  141. 1968 Lee Harrison III Builds Scanimate
  142. 1968 Stroud Cornock and Ernest Edmonds Meet in Leicester
  143. 1968 The Art of Computer Programming by Donald E. Knuth
  144. 1968 Pénétrables by Jesús Rafael Soto
  145. 1968 Sound Activated Mobile by Edward Ihnatowicz
  146. 1968 Bit International Magazine Begins Publication
  147. 1968 Some More Beginnings at the Brooklyn Museum, New York
  148. 1968 Kleiner Sonnenuntergang (Small Sunset) by Dieter Roth
  149. 1968 Sol LeWitt Brings His Wall Drawings
  150. 1968 Charles Csuri Carves a Computer-Defined Surface in Wood
  151. 1968 Wendy Carlos Releases Switched-On Bach
  152. 1969 Quad III by Robert Mallary
  153. 1969 TV as a Creative Medium, at the Howard Wise Gallery
  154. 1969 Kunst Und Computer Exhibition at Vienna Sparkasse
  155. 1969 Art and Cybernetics Exhibition by CAyC
  156. 1969 Slant One by Auro Lecci
  157. 1969 The Philosophy of Computer Art by Haruki Tsuchiya
  158. 1969 Tendencies 4: Computers and Visual Research at Museum of Contemporary Art Zagreb
  159. 1969 Computerkunst - On the Eve of Tomorrow Exhibition in Hanover
  160. 1969 Notable Computer Artworks
  161. 1969 When Attitudes Become Form at Kunsthalle, Bern
  162. 1969 Event One by Computer Arts Society
  163. 1969 ARPANET Goes Live, Precursor to the Internet
  164. 1969 International Psytech Art exhibition – Electromagica ’69
  165. 1969 CTG Participates in the Paris Biennale
  166. 1969 Reticulárea by Gego (Gertrud Goldschmidt)
  167. 1969 Hello by Allan Kaprow
  168. 1969 Cross Talk Intermedia at the Yoyogi Gymnasium, Tokyo
  169. 1969 Square Tops by Wen-Ying Tsai
  170. 1969 The Systems Group Founded
  171. 1969 Sonakinatography I Movement #III for Multi-Media by Channa Horwitz
  172. 1969 Computer Technique Group (CTG) Disbands
  173. 1969 Leicester Polytechnic Is Formed
  174. 1969 Arte y Cibernética Held at Galería Bonino, Buenos Aires
  175. 1969 The Split: Neural Networks Fall from Favor after Perceptrons
  176. 1969 Margaret Hamilton's Software Lands Apollo 11

Chapter 05 · 1970sArtist-Programmer Era

Read the history of the Artist-Programmer Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 5—Artist-Programmer Era (1970s) with Joan Truckenbrod, Hans Dehlinger & Anika Meier

  1. 1970 Trained Artists Intervene with Computers
  2. 1970 Information exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art
  3. 1970 Software at the Jewish Museum, New York
  4. 1970 Computer Art Meets the Venice Biennale
  5. 1970 Xerox PARC Founded
  6. 1970 Gene Youngblood Publishes the Seminal Expanded Cinema
  7. 1970 1970 Osaka World’s Fair Showcases Global Nature of Computer Art
  8. 1970 Women Pioneers Bring Naturalism to Computer Art
  9. 1970 Early Computer Graphics Conferences Appear
  10. 1970 Sonia Landy Sheridan Founds Generative Systems at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago
  11. 1970 Generación Automática de Formas Plásticas Exhibition at the Centro de Cálculo of the University of Madrid
  12. 1970 Martin Gardner Publishes John Conway’s Game of Life in Scientific American
  13. 1970 Lewis Mumford’s The Pentagon Of Power: The Myth Of The Machine and Alvin Toffler’s Future Shock Take Pessimistic View on Technology
  14. 1970 Georg Nees, Computergrafik Computerplastik (Computer Graphics Computer Sculpture) Portfolio
  15. 1970 The Senster by Edward Ihnatowicz
  16. 1970 City Painting by Grace C. Hertlein
  17. 1970 Journal Radical Software Begins Publication
  18. 1970 Terry Winograd Builds SHRDLU at MIT
  19. 1970 Lillian Schwartz and Ken Knowlton Make “Pixillation”
  20. 1971 Art et ordinateur by Abraham Moles and Marie-Luce André
  21. 1971 Howard Wise Gallery Closes
  22. 1971 Frieder Nake’s Publicly Announces End to Computer Art Practice
  23. 1971 Herbert W. Franke Publishes Computer Graphics—Computer Art
  24. 1971 Dan Sandin Creates the Sandin Image Processor
  25. 1971 Jasia Reichardt’s Publishes The Computer in Art
  26. 1971 Franke: The Program Is the Art
  27. 1971 Art and Technology Exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
  28. 1971 Manfred Mohr’s First Solo Museum Exhibition of Computer-Generated Art
  29. 1971 James Seawright, Network III, 1971
  30. 1971 Key Tech Developments for Digital Generative Art
  31. 1971 Kenneth Martin, Chance and Order V, 1971-2
  32. 1971 Myron Krueger, Psychic Space
  33. 1971 Tsai Wen-Ying, Umbrella
  34. 1971 Arteônica Exhibition by Waldemar Cordeiro
  35. 1971 Graffiti Emerges as an Art Form
  36. 1971 Frank Rosenblatt Dies at 43
  37. 1971 Richard Fikes and Nils Nilsson Introduce STRIPS
  38. 1971 Vladimir Vapnik and Alexey Chervonenkis Publish a Theory of Learning From Examples
  39. 1971 Charles Csuri Founds the Computer Graphics Research Group
  40. 1971 Lillian Schwartz and Ken Knowlton Make “UFOs”
  41. 1972 Dennis Ritchie Develops the C Language
  42. 1972 Harold Cohen’s early work exhibited at LACMA
  43. 1972 Manfred Mohr Begins Exploring the Cube
  44. 1972 Grenzgebiete der bildenden Kunst (Frontiers of Fine Arts) Exhibit at the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart
  45. 1972 Atari Founded
  46. 1972 P-120-A Meta Language II by Manfred Mohr
  47. 1972 Important Early Publications Including Computer Art
  48. 1972 Edward Lorenz Presents Paper on the Butterfly Effect
  49. 1972 Robert E. Mueller Pans Computer Art
  50. 1972 Surface Substitution on 36 Plates by Jennifer Bartlett
  51. 1972 Shigeko Kubota’s Video Diaries
  52. 1972 Atari Releases Pong
  53. 1972 Arteônica by Waldemar Cordeiro
  54. 1972 Teuvo Kohonen, Kaoru Nakano and James Anderson Publish Associative Memory Networks
  55. 1972 Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel Create Prolog
  56. 1972 Hubert L. Dreyfus Publishes “What Computers Can't Do”
  57. 1972–1979 Edward Shortliffe and Colleagues Develop MYCIN at Stanford
  58. 1973 Cybernetic ARTRIP in Tokyo
  59. 1973 Thomas DeFanti Develops Animation Language GRASS (Graphics Symbiosis System)
  60. 1973 Harold Cohen Pioneers AI Art with AARON
  61. 1973 M 3x3 by Analívia Cordeiro
  62. 1973 Arte y Computadoras by CAYC
  63. 1973 France Hosts International Computer Art Events
  64. 1973 The Computer Arts Society Organizes INTERACT: MACHINE: MAN: SOCIETY
  65. 1973 Xerox PARC Develops Alto Personal Computer
  66. 1973 1024 Colours by Gerhard Richter
  67. 1973 Malcolm Hughes Establishes Experimental Department at the Slade
  68. 1973 P-154-C by Manfred Mohr
  69. 1973 Motorola Begins Developing First Handheld Mobile Phone
  70. 1973 IBM Produces First Portable Computer
  71. 1973 International Computer Arts Festival at The Kitchen, New York
  72. 1973 Six Years: The Dematerialization of the Art Object from 1966 to 1972 by Lucy Lippard
  73. 1973 Thomas DeFanti Founds Electronic Visualization Lab (EVL)
  74. 1973 The Lighthill Report Is Published
  75. 1974 Inaugural SIGGRAPH Conference Held
  76. 1974 Vera Molnár Begins her Iconic (Des)Ordres Series
  77. 1974 Art et Informatique by Maison de la Culture d’Angers
  78. 1974 The Bat-Sheva-Seminar on the Interaction of Art and Science
  79. 1974 Frieder Nake Publishes Ästhetik als Informationsverarbeitung (Aesthetics as Information Processing)
  80. 1974 TV Buddha and TV Garden by Nam June Paik
  81. 1974 Incomplete Open Cubes by Sol LeWitt
  82. 1974 Jasia Reichardt Captures Key Theme of ‘70s Computer art: The Artist-Programmer
  83. 1974 The Dinner Party by Judy Chicago
  84. 1974 Noisefields by Steina and Woody Vasulka
  85. 1974 Videoplace by Myron Krueger
  86. 1974 Vera Molnár Develops Molnart Software
  87. 1974 Science and Technology in the Arts: A Tour through the Realm of Science/Art by Stewart Kranz
  88. 1974 Muriel Cooper Founds the Visible Language Workshop
  89. 1974–1977 Marvin Minsky’s Frames and Roger Schank and Robert Abelson’s Scripts
  90. 1974–1980 The First AI Winter
  91. 1975 Brian Eno Releases Discreet Music
  92. 1975 The 2nd International Conference on Computers and the Humanities (ICCH/2) at the University of Southern California
  93. 1975 Mandelbrot Coins the Term Fractal
  94. 1975 Computer Graphics by Melvin L. Prueitt
  95. 1975 Untitled Computer Assisted Drawing by Paul Brown
  96. 1975 Altair 8800 Microcomputer
  97. 1975 Hypertransformations by Vera Molnár
  98. 1975 Yoichiro Kawaguchi Develops the GROWTH Model
  99. 1976 Ruth Leavitt Publishes Groundbreaking Book, Artist and Computer
  100. 1976 Vera Molnár First Solo Exhibition Transformations
  101. 1976 Grace Hertlein Begins Editing *Computer Graphics and Art*
  102. 1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak Develop the Apple I and Found Apple
  103. 1976 The VHS Recorder Brings Digital Media to the Home
  104. 1977 Harold Cohen Exhibits AARON at the Stedelijk Museum
  105. 1977 ICCH Held at the University of Waterloo in Canada
  106. 1977 Atari 2600 Released
  107. 1977 L’ordinateur et les arts visuels by François Molnar
  108. 1977 P-196-A and P-197-A by Manfred Mohr
  109. 1977 Computergraphik by Lothar Limbeck
  110. 1977 Apple Introduces Apple II
  111. 1977 Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg of PARC Publish "Personal Dynamic Media”
  112. 1977 3-D Computer Animation by Charles Csuri
  113. 1978 PostScript Language Developed
  114. 1978 The Third Mind by Beat Writer William Burroughs
  115. 1978 Alvy Ray Smith Develops PAINT
  116. 1978 Arbitrary Fragments by Barbara Latham
  117. 1978 Arts et Informatique organized by the Swedish Cultural Centre in Paris
  118. 1978 Art of the Space Era – Museum of Art, Huntsville, Alabama
  119. 1978 Art and the Computer at the Worcester Art Museum and Computer Generated Art Exhibit at Old Dominion University
  120. 1978 Algorithmic Aesthetics: Computer Models for Criticism and Design in the Arts by George Stiny and James Gips
  121. 1978 Computer Art Grows
  122. 1978 Energized Artscience at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry
  123. 1978 The Vasulka’s: Steina: Machine Vision; Woody: Description at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery
  124. 1978 Computer Graphics World begins publication
  125. 1978 Thomas DeFanti, Jay Fenton and Nola Donato Develop Zgrass
  126. 1978 Space Invaders, Asteroids and Pac Man Released
  127. 1978 LaserDisc Introduced
  128. 1979 C++ Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Laboratories
  129. 1979 The First ARS ELECTRONICA Festival Takes Place in Linz, Austria
  130. 1979 Dance by Lucinda Childs
  131. 1979 Frank J Malina Publishes Visual Art, Mathematics, and Computers
  132. 1979 Informatrix by Edward Zajec
  133. 1979 Douglas Hofstadter’s Publishes Book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid
  134. 1979 Jim Blinn Simulates Voyager Probe for NASA’s JPL
  135. 1979 Cybernetic Symbiosis, Berkeley: Lawrence Hall of Science
  136. 1979 Larry Cuba, Two Space
  137. 1979 Lorna, Lynn Hershman Leeson

Chapter 06 · 1980sPersonal Computer Era

Read the history of the Personal Computer Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 6—Personal Computer Era (1980s) with Mark Wilson, Copper Giloth, Dan Sandin, David Em, William Latham, Stephen Todd, Darcy Gerbarg & Geoff Davis

  1. 1980 A Decade of Contrasts
  2. 1980 Vera Molnár Joins François at the Sorbonne
  3. 1980 Spiral 5 PTL by Dan Sandin, Tom DeFanti and Mimi Shevitz
  4. 1980 Traditionally Trained Artist, Mark Wilson, Buys Microcomputer to Make Art
  5. 1980 Divisibility I by Manfred Mohr
  6. 1980 Art In/Art Out at the Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art, Chicago
  7. 1980 Video Art: The Electronic Man at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago
  8. 1980 David Topper and John H. Holloway, Interrelationships between the Visual Arts, Science and Technology: A Bibliography
  9. 1980 Digital Harmony: On the Complementarity of Music and Visual Art by John Whitney
  10. 1980 Vol Libre – Loren Carpenter of Boeing
  11. 1981 First Symposium on Small Computers in the Arts Held in Philadelphia
  12. 1981 Persepol by David Em
  13. 1981 Plan K International Festival voor Elektronische Muziek, Video en Computer Art in Brussels.
  14. 1981 SIGGRAPH 1981 Computer Culture Art Show
  15. 1981 Carla’s Island by Nelson Max
  16. 1981 Yoichiro Kawaguchi Designates His Work Digital Art
  17. 1981 Digital Image Published by アスキー
  18. 1981 IBM Introduces Their First PC (5150)
  19. 1981 Nordisk MobilTelefoni, The First Fully Automatic Cellular Phone System
  20. 1981 Computer Culture 81, Ontario College of Art
  21. 1981 High Technology Art: A Congressional Exhibition, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
  22. 1981 MTV Goes Live
  23. 1981 Bill Viola, Hatsu-Yume (First Dream)
  24. 1982 Art and Technology: Chicago Video at MoMA
  25. 1982 Paul Werbos Proposes Backpropagation to Train Neural Networks
  26. 1982 The Commodore 64 Released
  27. 1982 Pitfall! by David Crane
  28. 1982 Roman Verostko Debuts The Magic Hand of Chance Series
  29. 1982 V-yramid by Nam June Paik
  30. 1982 Ernest Edmonds Founds HCIRU Research Group
  31. 1982 Computer Rendering of Stochastic Models by Alain Fournier, Don Fussell, Loren Carpenter
  32. 1982 The First Touchpad Introduced
  33. 1982 Montana by Jane Veeder
  34. 1982 Artists/Computers/Art at the Canada House Gallery, London
  35. 1982 L’Art et l’ordinateur in Paris
  36. 1982 Nam June Paik at Whitney Museum of American Art
  37. 1982 The Computer Image by Donald Greenberg, Aaron Marcus, Allan H. Schmidt, and Vernon Gorter
  38. 1982 Bill Reeves Early Advancement in Particle Systems
  39. 1982 Cryptographer David Chaum First Proposes Blockchain-Like Protocol
  40. 1983 Growth by Yoichiro Kawaguchi
  41. 1983 SIGGRAPH’s Exhibition of Computer Art
  42. 1983 The Computer/The Artist exhibitions at the Long Beach Museum of Art
  43. 1983 Portrait of the Artist As a Young Computer by Grace Glueck
  44. 1983 Harold Cohen’s Arnolfini Series
  45. 1983 Water Tower, Verviers, Belgium by Bernd and Hilla Becher
  46. 1983 Apple’s Lisa: Early Personal Computer with GUI
  47. 1983 Jaron Lanier’s Moondust
  48. 1983 Proto-Demoscene: Cracktros Appear
  49. 1983 Computer/Culture 83 at La Chartreuse de Villeneuve in Avignon, France
  50. 1983 Alyce Kaprow, Fazes
  51. 1983 Major Publications of 1983
  52. 1983 Jim Blinn receives the first (1983) ACM SIGGRAPH CG Achievement Award
  53. 1983 AARON – Harold Cohen exhibitions at major museums around the world, including Britain’s Tate Gallery in 1983
  54. 1983 Electra Exhibition Curated by Frank Popper and Marie-Odile Briot
  55. 1984 The Policeman’s Beard is Half-Constructed Published
  56. 1984 Divisibility II + III (1984-1986)
  57. 1984 Art and the Computer by Melvin Prueitt
  58. 1984 Neuromancer by William Gibson
  59. 1984 Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature by Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers
  60. 1984 Art After Modernism: Rethinking Representation, edited by Brian Wallis
  61. 1984 The Postmodern Condition by Jean-François Lyotard Criticizes the Computer (in Art)
  62. 1984 Chromas by Edward Zajec
  63. 1984 German Cracking Service: Slamball
  64. 1984 Major Publications of 1984
  65. 1984 Apple’s Macintosh Introduction Commercial
  66. 1984 Robert Abel and Associates Produce the First Computer-Generated Commercial, Brilliance
  67. 1984 Cubicomp Picture Maker
  68. 1984 PostScript Released
  69. 1984 Cook, Porter and Carpenter Introduce Distributed Ray Tracing
  70. 1985 Commodore Launches the Amiga
  71. 1985 Calculated Movements by Larry Cuba
  72. 1985 Mark Wilson Publishes Drawing with Computers
  73. 1985 Mark Wilson, Skew J17
  74. 1985 Herbert W. Franke Reissues Computer Graphics, Computer Art
  75. 1985 Perlin Noise Invented
  76. 1985 MIT Media Lab Opened by Nicholas Negroponte and Jerome Wiesner
  77. 1985 Emerging Expressions at the Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York
  78. 1985 Duality and Co-Existence Exhibition, London
  79. 1985 Shoe-Field by Sonya Rapopport
  80. 1985 Vizgame by Jane Veeder
  81. 1985 Important publications of 1985
  82. 1985 SIGGRAPH 85
  83. 1986 Boids by Craig Reynolds
  84. 1986 Langton’s Ant
  85. 1986 The Beauty of Fractals by Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter
  86. 1986 Evolving aesthetic criteria for computer generated art: A Delphi Study by Richard Lucas
  87. 1986 1986 Venice Biennale: Art and Science
  88. 1986 Ernest Edmonds Establishes LUTCHI Research Centre
  89. 1986 Ken Knowlton Asks Why It Isn’t Art Yet?
  90. 1986 The Blind Watchmaker by Richard Dawkins
  91. 1986 Woman of War, Lady of the Wild Things by Liliane Lijn
  92. 1986 Modélisation d’un visage by Rebecca Allen
  93. 1986 Art ware: Kunst und Elektronik at Messe AG and Siemens AG, Hannover, Germany
  94. 1986 The Computer as an Art Tool at Hurlbutt Gallery at the Greenwich Public Library, Connecticut
  95. 1986 Bilder Images Digital, Computer Artists in Germany, Galerie Der Kuenstler, Munich
  96. 1986 Additional important publications of 1986
  97. 1986 Pixar purchased from Lucasfilm by Steve Jobs
  98. 1986 Suzete Venturelli Founds the Computational Art Research Laboratory, MediaLab/UnB
  99. 1987 Mona-Leo by Lillian Schwartz
  100. 1987 HyperCard Released
  101. 1987 Director 1.0 Released
  102. 1987 CompuServe Introduces the GIF
  103. 1987 SIGGRAPH Art Show in 1987 Attracts 23,000
  104. 1987 Digital Visions by Cynthia Goodman
  105. 1987 The Expanding Medium: The Future of Computer Art by Herbert W. Franke
  106. 1987 Photoshop Developed
  107. 1987 Artificial Life Founded
  108. 1987 William Latham Begins Collaborations with Stephen Todd
  109. 1987 Red Ridge by Karen Guzak
  110. 1987 Computers and Art, Syracuse: Everson Museum of Art.
  111. 1987 The Interactive Image at the University of Illinois at Chicago
  112. 1987 The Second Emerging Expression Biennial: The Artist and Computer at the Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York
  113. 1987 Other Major Publications of 1987
  114. 1987 Adope Illustrator Developed
  115. 1987 Apple Introduces the Mac II
  116. 1987 Scanners Become Available for PCs
  117. 1987 Demoscene Splinters into PC and Home Computer
  118. 1987 Celestino Soddu, Medieval Towns Generative Variations
  119. 1987 Geometric Love by Masaki Fujihata
  120. 1988 Roman Verostko with Seminal Article Epigenetic Painting
  121. 1988 First International Symposium on Electronic Art (FISEA) Held in Utrecht
  122. 1988 F. Kenton Musgrave, Blessed State
  123. 1988 Visual Music by Yaacov Agam
  124. 1988 Nam June Paik Builds Media Tower for Seoul Olympics
  125. 1988 Computers and Art at the IBM Gallery of Science and Art, New York
  126. 1988 Digital Photography: Captured Images, Volatile Memory, and New Montage, San Francisco: SF Camerawork.
  127. 1988 Other Major 1988 Publications
  128. 1988 FAX Machines Mass Marketed
  129. 1988 MPEG Established
  130. 1989 Vent Noir II, by Jean-Pierre Hébert
  131. 1989 GR8: First demo released by Future Crew on a PC
  132. 1989 Tim Berners-Lee Invents the World Wide Web
  133. 1989 SIGGRAPH ‘89
  134. 1989 The Death of Computer Art
  135. 1989 Beyond Computer Art by Brian Reffin Smith
  136. 1989 Kid Pix Empowers Young Creativity
  137. 1989 Roman Verostko, Carnival, Pathway Series
  138. 1989 Magiciens de la Terre at the Centre Georges Pompidou
  139. 1989 Sans lever la plume by Jean-Pierre Hébert
  140. 1989 Postmodern Currents: Art and Artists in the Age of Electronic Media by Margot Lovejoy
  141. 1989 The Mac Portable
  142. 1989 TCC Release Classic Megademo on Commodore Amiga
  143. 1989 The Legible City by Jeffrey Shaw
  144. 1989 Jenny Holzer at the Guggenheim in New York
  145. 1989 Image World at the Whitney Museum of American Art
  146. 1989 Important Publications of 1989
  147. 1989 Intel introduces the 80860 microprocessor chip-equivalent power of a Cray 1 supercomputer

Chapter 07 · 1990sNet Era

Read the history of the Net Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 7—Net Era (1990s) with Auriea Harvey, Joshua Davis, LIA, Scott Draves & Vuk Ćosić

  1. 1990 Paul Brown’s 1990 essay Beyond Art
  2. 1990 World Wide Web Tooling Complete
  3. 1990 Panspermia by Karl Sims
  4. 1990 Scream Tracker 2 released by Future Crew
  5. 1990 February: initial public release of Adobe Photoshop
  6. 1990 Fleshy Growth, Yoichiro Kawaguchi
  7. 1990 The Evolution of Form by William Latham
  8. 1990 Emerging Forms 3 by Hillary Kapan
  9. 1990 Rise of ArtFutura
  10. 1990 Computers and the Creative Process at the University of Oregon Museum of Art
  11. 1990 Publications
  12. 1990 Jürgen Schmidhuber Proposes Artificial Curiosity
  13. 1991 Music and Connectionism, edited by Peter M. Todd and D. Gareth Loy
  14. 1991 World Wide Web goes public
  15. 1991 Java Language Project Initiated at Sun Microsystems
  16. 1991 Symposium: Art & Algorithm - Mind & Machine, 1991 (organized by Verostko)
  17. 1991 Keith Tyson begins working on ArtMachine
  18. 1991 Les Artistes et la lumiere, exhibition held in Rheims
  19. 1991 Trojan Room Coffee Pot Camera Set Up at Cambridge
  20. 1991 Sociotecture, Joan Truckenbrod
  21. 1991 Cercle Syncopé, Gillian Wise
  22. 1991 The Virtual Museum by Jeffrey Shaw
  23. 1991 Fleischmann, Monika/Strauss, Wolfgang: Home of the Brain, virtual reality installation, 1989-1990
  24. 1991 Cruz-Neira, Sandin and DeFanti Begin Developing CAVE
  25. 1991 Primordial Dance by Karl Sims
  26. 1991 Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta Describe a Cryptographically Secured Chain of Blocks
  27. 1992 JPEG Standard Created
  28. 1992 Merkle Trees Added to Blockchain
  29. 1992 MPEG 1 standard introduced
  30. 1992 Leicester Polytechnic officially Becomes De Montfort University
  31. 1992 Breeding Forms on the Infinite Plane by William Latham
  32. 1992 Mutations by William Latham
  33. 1992 Scott Draves developed the Fractal Flame algorithm
  34. 1992 Angels by Nicole Stenger
  35. 1992 First Assembly Party in Finland
  36. 1992 Legend I, Yoshiyuki Abe
  37. 1992 On Justifying the Hypothetical Nature of Art and the Non-Identicality within the Object World by Peter Weibel
  38. 1992 Placeholder by Brenda Laurel and Rachel Strickland
  39. 1993 Fuse by Scott Draves
  40. 1993 Computer Art No More
  41. 1993 A-Volve by Christa Sommerer and Laurent Mignonneau
  42. 1993 Second Reality Demo Released by Future Crew at Assembly 93
  43. 1993 Just This Once by Scott French
  44. 1993 Virtual Reality: An Emerging Medium, held at the Guggenheim Museum
  45. 1993 Genetic Images by Karl Sims
  46. 1993 do it Concept and Catalogue Released
  47. 1993 AI Infinity by John Maeda
  48. 1994 Information Landscapes by Muriel Cooper
  49. 1994 Evolved Virtual Creatures by Karl Sims
  50. 1994 First do it Exhibition Takes Place
  51. 1994 The world’s first smartphone
  52. 1995 Nettime Forms and net.art Begins
  53. 1995 Roman Verostko and Jean-Pierre Hébert
  54. 1995 The Slade Centre for Electronic Media in Fine Art (SCEMFA) Opens
  55. 1995 jodi.org by JODI
  56. 1995 unendlich, fast… by Holger Friese
  57. 1995 Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii by Nam June Paik
  58. 1995 David Bowie and Ty Roberts Develop The Verbasizer
  59. 1995 Google is born
  60. 1995 Osmose by Char Davies
  61. 1995 Puppet Motel by Laurie Anderson
  62. 1995 Legend of the net.art coinage
  63. 1996 Macromedia Flash 1.0 Released
  64. 1996 My boyfriend came back from the war Olia Lialina
  65. 1996 Rhizome Begins
  66. 1996 Sun Microsystems Release Java 1.0
  67. 1996 John Maeda joins the MIT Media Lab
  68. 1996 Traffic, CAPC Musée d’Art Contemporain, Bordeaux
  69. 1996 The Crossing by Bill Viola
  70. 1997 Form Art by Alexei Shulgin
  71. 1997 Documenta Done by the net art pioneer Vuk Ćosić
  72. 1997 Galapagos by Karl Sims
  73. 1997 NTT InterCommunication Center Opens in Tokyo
  74. 1997 My Private Album by Feng Mengbo
  75. 1997 World Skin by Maurice Benayoun
  76. 1997 Cities on the move: Contemporary Asian Art at the turn of the 21st c., Vienna
  77. 1998 Processos criativos com os meios eletrônicos: poéticas digitais
  78. 1998 Inaugural International Generative Art Conference at Politecnico di Milano University
  79. 1998 Yellowtail by Golan Levin
  80. 1998 _readme – own, be owned, or remain invisible by Heath Bunting
  81. 1998 SHREDDER by Mark Napier
  82. 1998 MPEG-4 standard announced
  83. 1998 Joshua Davis releases ps0.praystation.v0
  84. 1998 ACU Program Begins
  85. 1999 Frankensteinian Methods for Evolutionary Music Composition by Peter Todd and Gregory Werner
  86. 1999 John Maeda publishes Design By Numbers
  87. 1999 Electric Sheep by Scott Draves
  88. 1999 SOD by JODI
  89. 1999 Re-move by LIA
  90. 1999 skinonskinonskin by Auriea Harvey and Michaël Samyn
  91. 1999 Term Web 2.0 Coined by Darcy DiNucci
  92. 1999 Raging Bull and Deep ASCII by Vuk Cosic
  93. 1999 Yugo Nakamura Launches yugop.com

Chapter 08 · 2000sTooling Era

Read the history of the Tooling Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 8—Tooling Era (2000s) with Christiane Paul, Casey Reas, Christa Sommerer & Golan Levin

  1. 2000 Enter Y2K
  2. 2000 New Masters of Flash published by friends of ED
  3. 2000 FILE Festival Showcases Regional Digital Art
  4. 2000 Ray Kurzweil’s Cybernetic Poet
  5. 2001 Casey Reas and Ben Fry Initiate Processing Project
  6. 2001 BitStreams at the Whitney Museum, New York
  7. 2001 Data Dynamics at the Whitney
  8. 2001 Inaugural Exhibition at bitforms: Casey Reas’s first commercial gallery showing
  9. 2001 Alphabet Synthesis Machine by Golan Levin
  10. 2001 Transmediale 2001: DIY (do it yourself!)
  11. 2001 Genomic Cartography: Chromosome 18, Ben Fry
  12. 2001 Agent Ruby by Lynn Hershman Leeson
  13. 2001 teamLab Formed
  14. 2002 Doug Eck Advances Neural Network Creative Expression
  15. 2002 Golan Levin and Casey Reas, The Art of Code at Bitforms, New York
  16. 2002 The first Processing Forum
  17. 2002 Re:MARK by Golan Levin & Zach Lieberman
  18. 2002 isometricblocks, Ben Fry
  19. 2002 Super Mario Clouds by Cory Arcangel
  20. 2002 Velvet Strike modifies Counter Strike
  21. 2002 Waiting Room by Mark Napier
  22. 2002 Derivative launches TouchDesigner
  23. 2002 Christian Bök Publishes The Piecemeal Bard is Deconstructed
  24. 2002 Machado and Cardoso’s NEvAr system
  25. 2003 Substrate, Jared Tarbell
  26. 2003 Samorost by Amanita Design
  27. 2003 Digital Art by Christiane Paul
  28. 2003 Galanter Defines Generative Art
  29. 2003 Yamaguchi Center for Arts and Media (YCAM) in Japan
  30. 2003 Imaginary・Numbers by Keiko Kimoto
  31. 2004 Facebook launches at Harvard
  32. 2004 Pitch and Volume by Anna Ursyn
  33. 2004 Pac-Manhattan
  34. 2004 {Software} Structures by Casey Reas, Jared Tarbell, Robert Hodgin and William Ngan
  35. 2004 DiNA chatbot by Lynn Hershman Leeson
  36. 2004 Margot Lovejoy Publishes Digital Currents: Art in the Electronic Age
  37. 2004 Matthew Cook proved that CA Rule 110 is capable of universal computation
  38. 2004 Cinema Redux, Brendan Dawes
  39. 2004 Reas Begins Process Series (2004-2010)
  40. 2004 Twenty-Six Visions of Hildegarde by Roman Verostko
  41. 2004 Eden by Jon McCormack
  42. 2005 Zach Lieberman releases OpenFrameworks v0.01
  43. 2005 Arduino Developed
  44. 2005 Soft Cinema by Lev Manovich
  45. 2005 Monster Movie by Takeshi Murata
  46. 2005 Part Object Part Sculpture, Columbus, Ohio
  47. 2005 Seven Easy Pieces by Marina Abramović at the Guggenheim
  48. 2005 Marius Watz Begins generator.x Project
  49. 2005 Atom by Christopher Bauder and Robert Henke
  50. 2006 Twitter Founded
  51. 2006 Christa Sommerer and Laurent Mignonneau’s Life Writer
  52. 2006 Academy by R. Luke DuBois
  53. 2006 Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means by Siegfried Zielinski
  54. 2006 Google Buys YouTube
  55. 2006 16 Études sur les origines de Blum by Vera Molnár
  56. 2006 20th Century Computer Art at Tama Art University Museum, Tokyo
  57. 2006 Daito MANABE launches Rhizomatiks
  58. 2006 Rondo by Anna Ursyn
  59. 2007 Steve Jobs Announces the iPhone
  60. 2007 Tumblr Launched
  61. 2007 Allison Parrish Launches Everyword
  62. 2007 Casey Reas and Ben Fry Publish Processing Textbook
  63. 2007 Cory Arcangel Begins His Photoshop Gradients
  64. 2007 Wack! Art and the Feminist Revolution, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
  65. 2007 All Streets by Ben Fry
  66. 2007 RMB City by Cao Fei
  67. 2007 VVEBCAM by Petra Cortright
  68. 2008 Evolution and Collective Intelligence of the Electric Sheep by Scott Draves
  69. 2008 Satoshi Nakamoto publishes Bitcoin Whitepaper
  70. 2009 Bitcoin Genesis Block
  71. 2009 ImageNet Launches
  72. 2009 First ART && CODE Conference Organized by Golan Levin
  73. 2009 scoreLight by Alvaro Cassinelli, Masatoshi Ishikawa, Yusaku Kuribara and Daito Manabe
  74. 2009 MuirMcNeil founded
  75. 2009 A Philosophy of Computer Art by Dominic Lopes

Chapter 09 · 2010sAI Era

Read the history of the AI Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 9—AI Era (2010s) with Tyler Hobbs, Helena Sarin, Rhea Myers & Gene Kogan

  1. 2010 Desire of Codes, Seiko Mikami
  2. 2010 Enter the Turbo-Charged 2010s
  3. 2010 ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge
  4. 2010 Three.js Released
  5. 2010 Cinder Launched
  6. 2010 iPad Announced
  7. 2010 Instagram Launches
  8. 2010 onformative Founded
  9. 2010 Characteristics of pattern formation by Jeff Jones
  10. 2010 The Artist Is Present by Marina Abramovic at MoMA
  11. 2010 Menstruation Machine by Sputniko!
  12. 2010 hello world by Kazumasa Teshigawara (qubibi)
  13. 2011 Color of words by Gene Kogan
  14. 2011 Written Images by Martin Fuchs and Peter Bichsel
  15. 2011 Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications by Erkki Huhtamo and Jussi Parikka
  16. 2011 Len Sassaman ASCII Tribute on Bitcoin
  17. 2011 NONOTAK Formed
  18. 2012 Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Unleashed
  19. 2012 Ghosts in the Machine at the New Museum, New York
  20. 2012 Manolo Begins Processing Sketches
  21. 2012 Rafaël Rozendaal, Into Time with mirrors
  22. 2012 Processing Foundation Begins
  23. 2012 Parallel 1 by Harun Farocki
  24. 2013 Lauren Lee McCarthy Creates p5.js
  25. 2013 BANK by Kevin Abosch
  26. 2013 Ascribe Conceptualizes Proto-NFTs
  27. 2013 Mothership by Jonathan Monaghan
  28. 2013 Beautypi Starts ShaderToy
  29. 2013 Taeyoon Choi, Zach Lieberman, Jen Lowe and Amit Pitaru Co-Found the School for Poetic Computation (SFPC)
  30. 2013 Jerobeam Fenderson and Hansi3D Begin Oscilloscope Music
  31. 2013 Summer by Olia Lialina
  32. 2013 Data-Masks (Series) by Sterling Crispin
  33. 2013 Vitalik Buterin Publishes Ethereum Whitepaper
  34. 2014 Jennifer and Kevin McCoy’s Quantum
  35. 2014 Ian Goodfellow Introduces GANs
  36. 2014 Kathleen and Arthur Breitman Propose Tezos
  37. 2014 Art Post-Internet at UCCA, Beijing
  38. 2014 Is Art by Rhea Myers
  39. 2014 NILIcoin by Nili Lerner
  40. 2014 Ten Questions Concerning Generative Computer Art by McCormack et al.
  41. 2014 Akihiro Kubota’s ARTSAT1:INVADER Launches Generative Art Satellite
  42. 2014 Tyler Hobbs Starts Writing About Generative Art
  43. 2014 Stephanie Dinkins Creates AI-Powered Chatbot
  44. 2015 Diffusion Model Invented at Stanford by Jascha Sohl-Dickstein
  45. 2015 Google’s Alexander Mordvintsev Launches DeepDream
  46. 2015 From the Archives: Art and Technology at LACMA, 1967–1971 at Los Angeles County Museum of Art
  47. 2015 Ethereum Officially Launches
  48. 2015 Patricio González Vivo and Jen Lowe Teach the World Shaders
  49. 2015 Shunsuke Takawo Begins his Daily Coding
  50. 2015 Harm van den Dorpel Opens Left Gallery
  51. 2015 Drawing Operations by Sougwen Chung
  52. 2015 Etheria Is First Ethereum NFT
  53. 2015 Journey through the Layers of the Mind by Memo Akten
  54. 2015 Oscar Schwartz gives a TEDx Talk on Computational Poetics
  55. 2016 Rare Pepes by Joe Looney
  56. 2016 Electronic Superhighway (2016-1966) at Whitechapel Gallery, London
  57. 2016 Noite de Processing
  58. 2016 A Companion to Digital Art by Christiane Paul
  59. 2016 Zach Lieberman Begins Daily Instagram Animations
  60. 2016 Spectacle, Speculation, Spam by Alan Warburton
  61. 2016 Factory of the Sun by Hito Steyerl at MOCA
  62. 2016 Zurich HB Flap by Andreas Gysin & Sidi Vanetti
  63. 2016 So you want to build a generator by Kate Compton
  64. 2016 inconvergent.net Publishes Work on Open-Source Algorithms
  65. 2016 Neural Network Written Rap Song by Robbie Barrat
  66. 2017 Curios Cards: First Art NFT on Ethereum
  67. 2017 Matt Hall and John Watkinson Release CryptoPunks
  68. 2017 Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989 at MoMA
  69. 2017 Open Codes at ZKM Center for Art and Media
  70. 2017 Tezos ICO
  71. 2017 ERC20 Launches
  72. 2017 Creeps & Weirdos by DADA.nyc
  73. 2017 CryptoKitties Launches
  74. 2017 The Blockchain Art Market Is Here by Jason Bailey (Artnome)
  75. 2017 Crystal Towers by Matt DesLauriers
  76. 2017 LAUREN by Lauren Lee McCarthy
  77. 2017 R.A.R.E Art Labs Launched
  78. 2017 The Truelist by Nick Montfort
  79. 2017 1 the Road by Ross Goodwin
  80. 2018 Why Love Generative Art? by Jason Bailey on Artnome
  81. 2018 Rare Digital Art Festival #1, New York
  82. 2018 Landscapes and Nude Portraits by Robbie Barrat
  83. 2018 Christie’s First Art + Tech Summit
  84. 2018 SuperRare launches
  85. 2018 Tezos Mainnet Goes Live
  86. 2018 Christie’s First Sale of an AI artwork
  87. 2018 Programmed: Rules, Codes, and Choreographies in Art, 1965–2018 at The Whitney
  88. 2018 Chance and Control: Art in the Age of Computers at the V&A
  89. 2018 Dieter Shirley and Others Propose the ERC-721 Standard
  90. 2018 Memories of Passersby I by Mario Klingemann
  91. 2018 Progress by Tyler Hobbs at Galerîa dos Topos Léon, Mexico
  92. 2018 BOB by Ian Cheng
  93. 2018 Meandering River by onformative
  94. 2018 uumwelt by Pierre Huyghe
  95. 2018 Chaos Machine by Distributed Gallery
  96. 2018 All We’d Ever Need Is One Another by Adam Basanta
  97. 2018 Putting the Pieces Back Together Again by Ralf Baeker
  98. 2018 A Gutenberg Poetry Corpus by Allison Parrish
  99. 2019 On View by Operator
  100. 2019 Larva Labs Releases Autoglyphs
  101. 2019 Public Key / Private Key by Jennifer and Kevin McCoy
  102. 2019 Casey Reas Creates a2p (artist-to-peer)
  103. 2019 Automat und Mensch at Kate Vass Galerie
  104. 2019 MACHINE HALLUCINATION by Refik Anadol
  105. 2019 Inferno by Helena Sarin
  106. 2019 CODED FIELD by Rhizomatiks
  107. 2019 The Art of Cybersecurity by Brendan Dawes
  108. 2019 Rare Digital Art Festival #2, New York
  109. 2019 First Contemporary and Digital Art Fair (CADAF) in New York
  110. 2019 EONS by Mike Tyka
  111. 2019 Notable AI work of 2019
  112. 2019 OpenAI Releases GPT2
  113. 2019 POEMPORTRAITS by Es Devlin, with Ross Goodwin and Google Arts & Culture
  114. 2019 ReRites by David Jhave
  115. 2019 Travesty Generator by Lillian-Yvonne Bertram

Chapter 10 · 2020sOn-Chain Era

Read the history of the On-Chain Era →

Listen to the chapter: Timeline Ch 10—On-Chain Era (2020s) with Erick Calderon, Lauren Lee McCarthy, Itzel Yard & Rafael Lozano-Hemmer

  1. 2020 Enter the Madness
  2. 2020 Rafael Lima Wins Grant to Create Hicetnunc
  3. 2020 Rare AF3 Goes Virtual
  4. 2020 Decentraland and NBA Top Shot Onboard
  5. 2020 Nifty Gateway Nurtures Early NFT Market
  6. 2020 The Rise of DAOs
  7. 2020 Art Blocks Brings Generative Art On Chain
  8. 2020 Chromie Squiggle by Snowfro
  9. 2020 Construction Token by Jeff Davis
  10. 2020 Composition by teamLab
  11. 2020 INTANGIBLE FORMS by Shohei Fujimoto
  12. 2020 Noteworthy Code-based Work
  13. 2020 Noteworthy AI Work
  14. 2020 I’d rather be in a dark silence than by Operator
  15. 2021 DALL-E Launched
  16. 2021 Ringers by Dmitri Cherniak
  17. 2021 Archetype by Kjetil Golid
  18. 2021 First Tezos NFTs Minted
  19. 2021 Hicetnunc (HEN) Founded by Rafael Lima
  20. 2021 Everydays: The First 5000 Days by Beeple
  21. 2021 Mark Cuban Enters NFTs
  22. 2021 Social Codes by Feral File
  23. 2021 Subscapes by Matt DesLauriers
  24. 2021 Fidenza by Tyler Hobbs
  25. 2021 Bright Moments Opens in Venice Beach
  26. 2021 Dreaming at Dusk by Itzel Yard (Ix Shells)
  27. 2021 Sotheby’s Natively Digital Sale
  28. 2021 ICA Miami Makes Early NFT Acquisition
  29. 2021 CENTURY by Casey Reas
  30. 2021 Rituals - Venice by Aaron Penne x Boreta
  31. 2021 Facebook Embraces the Metaverse
  32. 2021 Fx(hash) Launches
  33. 2021 Mario Klingemann Creates Botto
  34. 2021 RGB Elementary Cellular Automaton by ciphrd
  35. 2021 Monogrid by Kim Asendorf
  36. 2021 Unstable Presence by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer at SFMOMA
  37. 2021 Gene Kogan Creates BrainDrops, Long-Form AI Art Platform
  38. 2021 theVERSEverse Founded
  39. 2021 Garden, Monoliths by Zancan
  40. 2021 HEN Discontinued
  41. 2021 objkt.com Founded
  42. 2021 Latent Diffusion Models Introduced
  43. 2021 IGÚN by Minne Atairu
  44. 2021 The Shell Record by Anna Ridler
  45. 2021 Generativemasks by Takawo
  46. 2021 Noteworthy Procedural work
  47. 2021 Noteworthy AI Work
  48. 2022 A Community Finds its Voice
  49. 2022 Memories of Qilin by Emily Xie
  50. 2022 Fx(hash) 1.0 Launches
  51. 2022 Fx(hash) Generative Art Minting at Art Basel Hong Kong
  52. 2022 Collapse of Terra Network
  53. 2022 Verse Launches
  54. 2022 Phillips Holds Ex-Machina: A History of Generative Art
  55. 2022 QQL by Tyler Hobbs and Dandelion Wist Mané
  56. 2022 Ethereum Adopts Proof-of-Stake Mechanism
  57. 2022 Dear Machine, paint for me at Kate Vass Galerie
  58. 2022 Unsupervised by Refik Anadol, MoMA
  59. 2022 Bright Moments Mexico City
  60. 2022 FTX Collapses
  61. 2022 Midjourney Launched
  62. 2022 Proof of People London
  63. 2022 Stable Diffusion Released
  64. 2022 Rafael Lozano-Hemmer: Common Measures by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer at Pace
  65. 2022 Menstrualverse by Sputniko!
  66. 2022 Takawo Founds Japan Generative Art Foundation (JGAF)
  67. 2022 Peer to Peer Presented by Buffalo AKG and Feral File
  68. 2022 Buffalo AKG Acquires NFTs
  69. 2022 First Ordinal Inscription
  70. 2022 Noteworthy Code-Based Work
  71. 2022 Noteworthy AI Work
  72. 2023 Coded: Art Enters the Computer Age, 1952-1982 at LACMA
  73. 2023 SFMOMA Acquires First NFT
  74. 2023 OpenAI Releases GPT-4
  75. 2023 Centre Pompidou Acquires NFTs
  76. 2023 LACMA Announces NFT Acquisition
  77. 2023 Human Unreadable by Operator
  78. 2023 Bright Moments in Tokyo and Buenos Aires
  79. 2023 Code Chronicles at bitforms
  80. 2023 Generative Platforms Explode
  81. 2023 MoMA Announces NFT Acquisitions
  82. 2023 MoMA Postcard Launched
  83. 2023 Fx(hash) 2.0 Launches
  84. 2023 AGH 1 in Berlin
  85. 2023 Noteworthy Code-Based Work
  86. 2023 Noteworthy AI Work
  87. 2023 Grande Dame Vera Molnár Passes
  88. 2024 The Best of Times
  89. 2024 Auriea Harvey at MOMI
  90. 2024 Harold Cohen: AARON at Whitney
  91. 2024 Vera Molnár Survey at Pompidou
  92. 2024 Taschen Releases On NFTs by Robert Alice
  93. 2024 Agoria Exhibits and Performs at Musée d’Orsay
  94. 2024 Bright Moments and NFT Paris
  95. 2024 Sound Machines by MoMA and Feral File
  96. 2024 Tina Rivers Ryan Named Editor of Art Forum
  97. 2024 Whitney Biennal Includes Mat & Holly
  98. 2024 Bright Moments Concludes
  99. 2024 NFC Lisbon
  100. 2024 Digital Art Mile at Art Basel
  101. 2024 Generative Art Summit Berlin
  102. 2024 Getty PST
  103. 2024 Radical Software MUDAM
  104. 2024 Electric Op at Buffalo AKG
  105. 2024 The Call at Serpentine
  106. 2024 V&A’s Digital Art Book and Inaugural Digital Art Season
  107. 2024 Lawrence Lek Wins 2024 Artist Award at Frieze London
  108. 2024 YCAM InterLab Camp vol.5: Homo Codens
  109. 2024 LACMA Digital Witness
  110. 2024 Tate’s Electric Dreams
  111. 2024 Light: Rafaël Rozendaal at MoMA
  112. 2024 Standout Procedural Work
  113. 2024 Standout AI Work
  114. 2025 Vibe Check: A Brave New World
  115. 2025 PXL DEX by Kim Asendorf
  116. 2025 Cycles by Material Protocol Arts
  117. 2025 DeepSeek Shocks AI World
  118. 2025 Karpathy Coins Vibe Coding
  119. 2025 AI Art Has a Moment
  120. 2025 Infinite Images at Toledo Museum of Art
  121. 2025 Digital Art Mile at Art Basel
  122. 2025 Basel Social Club’s Bank
  123. 2025 Beeple’s Studio Shows
  124. 2025 NFC Lisbon
  125. 2025 New York Scene Transforms
  126. 2025 One Of Us Is Real And It’s Not You at Galerie Yeche Lange
  127. 2025 Drifella III by Evil Biscuit
  128. 2025 Zero 10 Debuts at Art Basel Miami Beach
  129. 2025 Sasha Stiles at MoMA
  130. 2025 Starmirror by Holly Herndon & Mat Dryhurst
  131. 2025 Major New Digital Spaces Announced in Canyon, NODE and SOLO CSV
  132. 2025 Machine Love at Mori Art Museum
  133. 2025 The World Through AI at Jeu de Paume
  134. 2025 Standouts of 2025
  135. 2025 AI and Creativity at Conferences
  136. 2025 Frieder Nake Wins 2025 ACM SIGGRAPH Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement in Digital Art
  137. 2025 Autonomous Forest by terra0
  138. 2025 Show of the year: Glitch’s Room Service
  139. 2025 Art of the Year: Claude Opus 4.5
  140. 2025 Gary Hall Publishes Masked Media